Shadang: The Six Limbs of Indian Painting
Indian art, especially painting, has a long history of being influenced by tradition and philosophy. Shadang, which means “Six Limbs” of art, is one of the most important ancient frameworks that provided guidance on the fundamentals of Indian painting. The ancient Sanskrit classic Vishnudharmottara Purana was the first to express these ideas, and they were later elaborated on in a number of treatises on Indian aesthetics.
Formation and History of Shadang
Shadang is a concept that originated in the 2nd century BCE, when Indian painters began to adopt a more organized method of painting and sculpting. These six principles were created to serve as guides for producing artwork that is not only visually pleasing but also spiritually and intellectually significant.
It is thought that these concepts had an impact on significant Indian art traditions, such as Ajanta cave paintings, Mughal miniatures, and Rajput paintings. The Shadang principles are still the basis for traditional Indian art forms today, such as temple murals and folk paintings like Madhubani and Pattachitra.
The Six Limbs (Shadang) of Indian Painting
The six fundamental components of artistic production are known as the Shadang principles. They determine the aesthetics, emotions, and execution of Indian paintings:
1. Rūpa-bheda (Form Distinctions)
• This principle emphasizes the ability to distinguish and depict different forms accurately.
• Artists must understand variations in shapes, structures, and appearances of human figures, animals, and nature.
• This is evident in the detailed portrayal of deities and mythological scenes in Indian paintings.
2. Pramāṇa (Proportion & Measurement)
• This deals with the correct proportions and symmetry in a painting or sculpture.
• Indian artists followed precise measurements for human figures, particularly in temple sculptures and miniature paintings.
• The ideal proportions of deities in Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain art were meticulously calculated.
3. Bhāva (Expression & Sentiment)
• This focuses on conveying emotions and moods in an artwork.
• Inspired by the Navarasa (nine emotions) in Indian aesthetics, Bhava ensures that the artwork evokes the intended feeling—whether it’s devotion, love, or heroism.
• In temple paintings and classical dance-related art, facial expressions and body language play a significant role.
4. Lāvaṇya-yojanam (Grace & Aesthetic Appeal)
• This principle ensures that a painting exudes beauty and elegance.
• Artists use fine detailing, ornamentation, and fluidity in brushstrokes to enhance the visual appeal.
• The delicate figures in Mughal miniatures and the intricate designs in Tanjore paintings showcase this principle.
5. Sādrśya (Resemblance to Reality)
• This principle requires artists to create a realistic representation of subjects.
• Although Indian art has a spiritual and symbolic essence, it still maintains a recognizable resemblance to real-life forms.
• This is evident in naturalistic portraits in Mughal and Rajput paintings.
6. Varnikabhanga (Color Composition & Brushwork)
• This refers to the proper use of colors, shading, and composition in a painting.
• Indian artists used natural pigments and harmonious color schemes to enhance storytelling and depth.
• Ajanta cave paintings and Kerala mural paintings exemplify this mastery of colors.
Use of Shadang in Indian Art
The principles of Shadang were widely used in traditional Indian paintings and sculptures. Some of the most notable applications include:
• Ajanta & Ellora Caves: The frescoes in these caves reflect the mastery of form, expression, and color composition.
• Mughal Miniature Paintings: Portraits of emperors followed strict proportions and detailed expression.
• Rajput & Pahari Paintings: These paintings depict mythological themes with delicate brushwork and vibrant colors.
• Temple Sculptures: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples followed Shadang principles for divine proportions.
• Modern Indian Art: Contemporary artists still draw inspiration from Shadang, blending traditional aesthetics with modern techniques.
Conclusion
Shadang, the six limbs of Indian painting, is a timeless guidance for painters. These concepts, which are based on ancient Indian philosophy, have influenced the development of Indian art for hundreds of years. Shadang’s legacy continues to inspire and shape Indian artistic expression, whether it be through ancient murals, royal portraits, or current versions.
Do you want any improvements or more information about a particular part of Shadang?
